28.1.4

Signed-off-by: Marco A. Gutierrez <marcogg@marcogg.com>

rclcpp/CHANGELOG.rst

@@ -2,6 +2,81 @@
 Changelog for package rclcpp
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
+28.1.4 (2024-09-06)
+-------------------
+* Split test_executors.cpp even further. (`#2572 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2572>`_) (`#2619 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2619>`_)
+  That's because it is too large for Windows Debug to compile,
+  so split into smaller bits.
+  Even with this split, the file is too big; that's likely
+  because we are using TYPED_TEST here, which generates multiple
+  symbols per test case.  To deal with this, without further
+  breaking up the file, also add in the /bigobj flag when
+  compiling on Windows Debug.
+  (cherry picked from commit c743c173e68d92af872cf163e10721a8dbe51dd0)
+  Co-authored-by: Chris Lalancette <clalancette@gmail.com>
+* Correct node name in service test code (`#2615 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2615>`_) (`#2616 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2616>`_)
+  (cherry picked from commit e846f56224a39b93f1c609e7ee03fff0662b7453)
+  Co-authored-by: Barry Xu <barry.xu@sony.com>
+* Release ownership of entities after spinning cancelled (backport `#2556 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2556>`_) (`#2580 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2580>`_)
+  * Release ownership of entities after spinning cancelled (`#2556 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2556>`_)
+  * Release ownership of entities after spinning cancelled
+  * Move release action to every exit point in different spin functions
+  * Move wait_result\_.reset() before setting spinning to false
+  * Update test code
+  * Move test code to test_executors.cpp
+  ---------
+  (cherry picked from commit 069a0018935b33a14632a1cdf4074984a1cf80fe)
+  # Conflicts:
+  #	rclcpp/test/rclcpp/executors/test_executors.cpp
+  * Fix backport issue (`#2581 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2581>`_)
+  ---------
+  Co-authored-by: Barry Xu <barry.xu@sony.com>
+* Contributors: mergify[bot]
+
+28.1.3 (2024-06-27)
+-------------------
+* Add test creating two content filter topics with the same topic name (`#2546 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2546>`_) (`#2549 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2549>`_) (`#2552 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2552>`_)
+  Co-authored-by: Mario Domínguez López <116071334+Mario-DL@users.noreply.github.com>
+  (cherry picked from commit 7c096888caf92aa7557e1d3efc5448b56d8ce81c)
+  Co-authored-by: Alejandro Hernández Cordero <ahcorde@gmail.com>
+* Contributors: mergify[bot]
+
+28.1.2 (2024-05-13)
+-------------------
+* add impl pointer for ExecutorOptions (`#2523 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2523>`_) (`#2525 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2525>`_)
+  * add impl pointer for ExecutorOptions
+  (cherry picked from commit 343b29b617b163ad72b9fe3f6441dd4ed3d3af09)
+  Co-authored-by: William Woodall <william@osrfoundation.org>
+* Fixup Executor::spin_all() regression fix (`#2517 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2517>`_) (`#2521 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2521>`_)
+  * test(Executors): Added tests for busy waiting
+  Checks if executors are busy waiting while they should block
+  in spin_some or spin_all.
+  * fix: Reworked spinAll test
+  This test was strange. It looked like, it assumed that spin_all did
+  not return instantly. Also it was racy, as the thread could terminate
+  instantly.
+  * fix(Executor): Fixed spin_all not returning instantly is no work was available
+  * Update rclcpp/test/rclcpp/executors/test_executors.cpp
+  * test(executors): Added test for busy waiting while calling spin
+  * fix(executor): Reset wait_result on every call to spin_some_impl
+  Before, the method would not recollect available work in case of
+  spin_some, spin_all. This would lead to the method behaving differently
+  than to what the documentation states.
+  * restore previous test logic for now
+  * refactor spin_some_impl's logic and improve busy wait tests
+  * added some more comments about the implementation
+  ---------
+  Co-authored-by: Janosch Machowinski <J.Machowinski@cellumation.com>
+  Co-authored-by: jmachowinski <jmachowinski@users.noreply.github.com>
+  Co-authored-by: Tomoya Fujita <Tomoya.Fujita@sony.com>
+  Co-authored-by: William Woodall <william@osrfoundation.org>
+* Contributors: mergify[bot]
+
+28.1.1 (2024-04-24)
+-------------------
+* Revise the description of service configure_introspection() (`#2511 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2511>`_) (`#2513 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2513>`_)
+* Contributors: mergify[bot]
+
 28.1.0 (2024-04-16)
 -------------------
 * Remove references to index.ros.org. (`#2504 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2504>`_)

rclcpp/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ set(${PROJECT_NAME}_SRCS
   src/rclcpp/exceptions/exceptions.cpp
   src/rclcpp/executable_list.cpp
   src/rclcpp/executor.cpp
+  src/rclcpp/executor_options.cpp
   src/rclcpp/executors.cpp
   src/rclcpp/executors/executor_entities_collection.cpp
   src/rclcpp/executors/executor_entities_collector.cpp

rclcpp/include/rclcpp/executor_options.hpp

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 #ifndef RCLCPP__EXECUTOR_OPTIONS_HPP_
 #define RCLCPP__EXECUTOR_OPTIONS_HPP_
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "rclcpp/context.hpp"
 #include "rclcpp/contexts/default_context.hpp"
 #include "rclcpp/memory_strategies.hpp"
@@ -24,18 +26,30 @@
 namespace rclcpp
 {
 
+class ExecutorOptionsImplementation;
+
 /// Options to be passed to the executor constructor.
 struct ExecutorOptions
 {
-  ExecutorOptions()
-  : memory_strategy(rclcpp::memory_strategies::create_default_strategy()),
-    context(rclcpp::contexts::get_global_default_context()),
-    max_conditions(0)
-  {}
+  RCLCPP_PUBLIC
+  ExecutorOptions();
+
+  RCLCPP_PUBLIC
+  virtual ~ExecutorOptions();
+
+  RCLCPP_PUBLIC
+  ExecutorOptions(const ExecutorOptions &);
+
+  RCLCPP_PUBLIC
+  ExecutorOptions & operator=(const ExecutorOptions &);
 
   rclcpp::memory_strategy::MemoryStrategy::SharedPtr memory_strategy;
   rclcpp::Context::SharedPtr context;
   size_t max_conditions;
+
+private:
+  /// Pointer to implementation
+  std::unique_ptr<ExecutorOptionsImplementation> impl_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace rclcpp

rclcpp/include/rclcpp/service.hpp

@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ public:
     }
   }
 
-  /// Configure client introspection.
+  /// Configure service introspection.
   /**
    * \param[in] clock clock to use to generate introspection timestamps
    * \param[in] qos_service_event_pub QoS settings to use when creating the introspection publisher

rclcpp/package.xml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://download.ros.org/schema/package_format2.xsd" schematypens="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"?>
 <package format="2">
   <name>rclcpp</name>
-  <version>28.1.0</version>
+  <version>28.1.4</version>
   <description>The ROS client library in C++.</description>
 
   <maintainer email="ivanpauno@ekumenlabs.com">Ivan Paunovic</maintainer>

rclcpp/src/rclcpp/executor.cpp

@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ Executor::spin_until_future_complete_impl(
   if (spinning.exchange(true)) {
     throw std::runtime_error("spin_until_future_complete() called while already spinning");
   }
-  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(this->spinning.store(false); );
+  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(wait_result_.reset();this->spinning.store(false););
   while (rclcpp::ok(this->context_) && spinning.load()) {
     // Do one item of work.
     spin_once_impl(timeout_left);
@@ -364,26 +364,54 @@ Executor::spin_some_impl(std::chrono::nanoseconds max_duration, bool exhaustive)
   if (spinning.exchange(true)) {
     throw std::runtime_error("spin_some() called while already spinning");
   }
-  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(this->spinning.store(false); );
+  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(wait_result_.reset();this->spinning.store(false););
 
+  // clear the wait result and wait for work without blocking to collect the work
+  // for the first time
+  // both spin_some and spin_all wait for work at the beginning
+  wait_result_.reset();
+  wait_for_work(std::chrono::milliseconds(0));
+  bool just_waited = true;
+
+  // The logic of this while loop is as follows:
+  //
+  // - while not shutdown, and spinning (not canceled), and not max duration reached...
+  // - try to get an executable item to execute, and execute it if available
+  // - otherwise, reset the wait result, and ...
+  // - if there was no work available just after waiting, break the loop unconditionally
+  //   - this is appropriate for both spin_some and spin_all which use this function
+  // - else if exhaustive = true, then wait for work again
+  //   - this is only used for spin_all and not spin_some
+  // - else break
+  //   - this only occurs with spin_some
+  //
+  // The logic of this loop is subtle and should be carefully changed if at all.
+  // See also:
+  //   https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2508
+  //   https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/pull/2517
   while (rclcpp::ok(context_) && spinning.load() && max_duration_not_elapsed()) {
-    if (!wait_result_.has_value()) {
-      wait_for_work(std::chrono::milliseconds(0));
-    }
-
     AnyExecutable any_exec;
     if (get_next_ready_executable(any_exec)) {
       execute_any_executable(any_exec);
+      just_waited = false;
     } else {
-      // If nothing is ready, reset the result to signal we are
-      // ready to wait again
+      // if nothing is ready, reset the result to clear it
       wait_result_.reset();
-    }
 
-    if (!wait_result_.has_value() && !exhaustive) {
-      // In the case of spin some, then we can exit
-      // In the case of spin all, then we will allow ourselves to wait again.
-      break;
+      if (just_waited) {
+        // there was no work after just waiting, always exit in this case
+        // before the exhaustive condition can be checked
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (exhaustive) {
+        // if exhaustive, wait for work again
+        // this only happens for spin_all; spin_some only waits at the start
+        wait_for_work(std::chrono::milliseconds(0));
+        just_waited = true;
+      } else {
+        break;
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -403,7 +431,7 @@ Executor::spin_once(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout)
   if (spinning.exchange(true)) {
     throw std::runtime_error("spin_once() called while already spinning");
   }
-  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(this->spinning.store(false); );
+  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(wait_result_.reset();this->spinning.store(false););
   spin_once_impl(timeout);
 }
 

rclcpp/src/rclcpp/executor_options.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Open Source Robotics Foundation, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "rclcpp/executor_options.hpp"
+
+using rclcpp::ExecutorOptions;
+
+namespace rclcpp
+{
+
+class ExecutorOptionsImplementation {};
+
+}  // namespace rclcpp
+
+ExecutorOptions::ExecutorOptions()
+: memory_strategy(rclcpp::memory_strategies::create_default_strategy()),
+  context(rclcpp::contexts::get_global_default_context()),
+  max_conditions(0),
+  impl_(nullptr)
+{}
+
+ExecutorOptions::~ExecutorOptions()
+{}
+
+ExecutorOptions::ExecutorOptions(const ExecutorOptions & other)
+{
+  *this = other;
+}
+
+ExecutorOptions & ExecutorOptions::operator=(const ExecutorOptions & other)
+{
+  if (this == &other) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  this->memory_strategy = other.memory_strategy;
+  this->context = other.context;
+  this->max_conditions = other.max_conditions;
+  if (nullptr != other.impl_) {
+    this->impl_ = std::make_unique<ExecutorOptionsImplementation>(*other.impl_);
+  }
+
+  return *this;
+}

rclcpp/src/rclcpp/executors/multi_threaded_executor.cpp

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ MultiThreadedExecutor::spin()
   if (spinning.exchange(true)) {
     throw std::runtime_error("spin() called while already spinning");
   }
-  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(this->spinning.store(false););
+  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(wait_result_.reset();this->spinning.store(false););
   std::vector<std::thread> threads;
   size_t thread_id = 0;
   {

rclcpp/src/rclcpp/executors/single_threaded_executor.cpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ SingleThreadedExecutor::spin()
   if (spinning.exchange(true)) {
     throw std::runtime_error("spin() called while already spinning");
   }
-  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(this->spinning.store(false); );
+  RCPPUTILS_SCOPE_EXIT(wait_result_.reset();this->spinning.store(false););
 
   // Clear any previous result and rebuild the waitset
   this->wait_result_.reset();

rclcpp/test/rclcpp/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -462,8 +462,12 @@ endif()
 ament_add_gtest(
   test_executors
   executors/test_executors.cpp
+  executors/test_waitable.cpp
   APPEND_LIBRARY_DIRS "${append_library_dirs}"
   TIMEOUT 180)
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug" AND MSVC)
+  target_compile_options(test_executors PRIVATE "/bigobj")
+endif()
 if(TARGET test_executors)
   target_link_libraries(test_executors ${PROJECT_NAME} rcl::rcl ${test_msgs_TARGETS})
 endif()
@@ -495,6 +499,16 @@ if(TARGET test_executors)
   target_link_libraries(test_executors_intraprocess ${PROJECT_NAME} ${test_msgs_TARGETS})
 endif()
 
+ament_add_gtest(
+  test_executors_busy_waiting
+  executors/test_executors_busy_waiting.cpp
+  executors/test_waitable.cpp
+  APPEND_LIBRARY_DIRS "${append_library_dirs}"
+  TIMEOUT 180)
+if(TARGET test_executors_busy_waiting)
+  target_link_libraries(test_executors_busy_waiting ${PROJECT_NAME})
+endif()
+
 ament_add_gtest(test_static_single_threaded_executor executors/test_static_single_threaded_executor.cpp
   APPEND_LIBRARY_DIRS "${append_library_dirs}")
 if(TARGET test_static_single_threaded_executor)
@@ -598,7 +612,7 @@ ament_add_gtest(test_executor test_executor.cpp
   APPEND_LIBRARY_DIRS "${append_library_dirs}"
   TIMEOUT 120)
 if(TARGET test_executor)
-  target_link_libraries(test_executor ${PROJECT_NAME} mimick)
+  target_link_libraries(test_executor ${PROJECT_NAME} mimick ${test_msgs_TARGETS})
 endif()
 
 ament_add_gtest(test_graph_listener test_graph_listener.cpp)

rclcpp/test/rclcpp/executors/test_executors.cpp

@@ -39,8 +39,10 @@
 #include "rclcpp/time_source.hpp"
 
 #include "test_msgs/msg/empty.hpp"
+#include "test_msgs/srv/empty.hpp"
 
 #include "./executor_types.hpp"
+#include "./test_waitable.hpp"
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
@@ -331,106 +333,6 @@ TYPED_TEST(TestExecutors, testSpinUntilFutureCompleteWithTimeout)
   spinner.join();
 }
 
-class TestWaitable : public rclcpp::Waitable
-{
-public:
-  TestWaitable() = default;
-
-  void
-  add_to_wait_set(rcl_wait_set_t & wait_set) override
-  {
-    if (trigger_count_ > 0) {
-      // Keep the gc triggered until the trigger count is reduced back to zero.
-      // This is necessary if trigger() results in the wait set waking, but not
-      // executing this waitable, in which case it needs to be re-triggered.
-      gc_.trigger();
-    }
-    rclcpp::detail::add_guard_condition_to_rcl_wait_set(wait_set, gc_);
-  }
-
-  void trigger()
-  {
-    trigger_count_++;
-    gc_.trigger();
-  }
-
-  bool
-  is_ready(const rcl_wait_set_t & wait_set) override
-  {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < wait_set.size_of_guard_conditions; ++i) {
-      auto rcl_guard_condition = wait_set.guard_conditions[i];
-      if (&gc_.get_rcl_guard_condition() == rcl_guard_condition) {
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  std::shared_ptr<void>
-  take_data() override
-  {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  std::shared_ptr<void>
-  take_data_by_entity_id(size_t id) override
-  {
-    (void) id;
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  void
-  execute(const std::shared_ptr<void> &) override
-  {
-    trigger_count_--;
-    count_++;
-    if (nullptr != on_execute_callback_) {
-      on_execute_callback_();
-    } else {
-      // TODO(wjwwood): I don't know why this was here, but probably it should
-      //   not be there, or test cases where that is important should use the
-      //   on_execute_callback?
-      std::this_thread::sleep_for(3ms);
-    }
-  }
-
-  void
-  set_on_execute_callback(std::function<void()> on_execute_callback)
-  {
-    on_execute_callback_ = on_execute_callback;
-  }
-
-  void
-  set_on_ready_callback(std::function<void(size_t, int)> callback) override
-  {
-    auto gc_callback = [callback](size_t count) {
-        callback(count, 0);
-      };
-    gc_.set_on_trigger_callback(gc_callback);
-  }
-
-  void
-  clear_on_ready_callback() override
-  {
-    gc_.set_on_trigger_callback(nullptr);
-  }
-
-  size_t
-  get_number_of_ready_guard_conditions() override {return 1;}
-
-  size_t
-  get_count() const
-  {
-    return count_;
-  }
-
-private:
-  std::atomic<size_t> trigger_count_ = 0;
-  std::atomic<size_t> count_ = 0;
-  rclcpp::GuardCondition gc_;
-  std::function<void()> on_execute_callback_ = nullptr;
-};
-
 TYPED_TEST(TestExecutors, spinAll)
 {
   using ExecutorType = TypeParam;
@@ -869,3 +771,27 @@ TEST(TestExecutors, testSpinWithNonDefaultContext)
 
   rclcpp::shutdown(non_default_context);
 }
+
+TYPED_TEST(TestExecutors, release_ownership_entity_after_spinning_cancel)
+{
+  using ExecutorType = TypeParam;
+  ExecutorType executor;
+
+  auto future = std::async(std::launch::async, [&executor] {executor.spin();});
+
+  auto node = std::make_shared<rclcpp::Node>("test_node");
+  auto callback = [](
+    const test_msgs::srv::Empty::Request::SharedPtr, test_msgs::srv::Empty::Response::SharedPtr) {
+    };
+  auto server = node->create_service<test_msgs::srv::Empty>("test_service", callback);
+  while (!executor.is_spinning()) {
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(50ms);
+  }
+  executor.add_node(node);
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(50ms);
+  executor.cancel();
+  std::future_status future_status = future.wait_for(1s);
+  EXPECT_EQ(future_status, std::future_status::ready);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(server.use_count(), 1);
+}

rclcpp/test/rclcpp/executors/test_executors_busy_waiting.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Open Source Robotics Foundation, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <thread>
+
+#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
+
+#include "./executor_types.hpp"
+#include "./test_waitable.hpp"
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
+template<typename T>
+class TestBusyWaiting : public ::testing::Test
+{
+public:
+  void SetUp() override
+  {
+    rclcpp::init(0, nullptr);
+
+    const auto test_info = ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    std::stringstream test_name;
+    test_name << test_info->test_case_name() << "_" << test_info->name();
+    node = std::make_shared<rclcpp::Node>("node", test_name.str());
+    callback_group = node->create_callback_group(
+      rclcpp::CallbackGroupType::MutuallyExclusive,
+      /* automatically_add_to_executor_with_node =*/ false);
+
+    auto waitable_interfaces = node->get_node_waitables_interface();
+    waitable = std::make_shared<TestWaitable>();
+    waitable_interfaces->add_waitable(waitable, callback_group);
+
+    executor = std::make_shared<T>();
+    executor->add_callback_group(callback_group, node->get_node_base_interface());
+  }
+
+  void TearDown() override
+  {
+    rclcpp::shutdown();
+  }
+
+  void
+  set_up_and_trigger_waitable(std::function<void()> extra_callback = nullptr)
+  {
+    this->has_executed = false;
+    this->waitable->set_on_execute_callback([this, extra_callback]() {
+        if (!this->has_executed) {
+        // trigger once to see if the second trigger is handled or not
+        // this follow up trigger simulates new entities becoming ready while
+        // the executor is executing something else, e.g. subscription got data
+        // or a timer expired, etc.
+        // spin_some would not handle this second trigger, since it collects
+        // work only once, whereas spin_all should handle it since it
+        // collects work multiple times
+          this->waitable->trigger();
+          this->has_executed = true;
+        }
+        if (nullptr != extra_callback) {
+          extra_callback();
+        }
+    });
+    this->waitable->trigger();
+  }
+
+  void
+  check_for_busy_waits(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start_time)
+  {
+    // rough time based check, since the work to be done was very small it
+    // should be safe to check that we didn't use more than half the
+    // max duration, which itself is much larger than necessary
+    // however, it could still produce a false-positive
+    EXPECT_LT(
+      std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start_time,
+      max_duration / 2)
+      << "executor took a long time to execute when it should have done "
+      << "nothing and should not have blocked either, but this could be a "
+      << "false negative if the computer is really slow";
+
+    // this check is making some assumptions about the implementation of the
+    // executors, but it should be safe to say that a busy wait may result in
+    // hundreds or thousands of calls to is_ready(), but "normal" executor
+    // behavior should be within an order of magnitude of the number of
+    // times that the waitable was executed
+    ASSERT_LT(waitable->get_is_ready_call_count(), 10u * this->waitable->get_count());
+  }
+
+  static constexpr auto max_duration = 10s;
+
+  rclcpp::Node::SharedPtr node;
+  rclcpp::CallbackGroup::SharedPtr callback_group;
+  std::shared_ptr<TestWaitable> waitable;
+  std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start_time;
+  std::shared_ptr<T> executor;
+  bool has_executed;
+};
+
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(TestBusyWaiting, ExecutorTypes, ExecutorTypeNames);
+
+TYPED_TEST(TestBusyWaiting, test_spin_all)
+{
+  this->set_up_and_trigger_waitable();
+
+  auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+  this->executor->spin_all(this->max_duration);
+  this->check_for_busy_waits(start_time);
+  // this should get the initial trigger, and the follow up from in the callback
+  ASSERT_EQ(this->waitable->get_count(), 2u);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(TestBusyWaiting, test_spin_some)
+{
+  this->set_up_and_trigger_waitable();
+
+  auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+  this->executor->spin_some(this->max_duration);
+  this->check_for_busy_waits(start_time);
+  // this should get the inital trigger, but not the follow up in the callback
+  ASSERT_EQ(this->waitable->get_count(), 1u);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(TestBusyWaiting, test_spin)
+{
+  std::condition_variable cv;
+  std::mutex cv_m;
+  bool first_check_passed = false;
+
+  this->set_up_and_trigger_waitable([&cv, &cv_m, &first_check_passed]() {
+      cv.notify_one();
+      if (!first_check_passed) {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(cv_m);
+        cv.wait_for(lk, 1s, [&]() {return first_check_passed;});
+      }
+  });
+
+  auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+  std::thread t([this]() {
+      this->executor->spin();
+    });
+
+  // wait until thread has started (first execute of waitable)
+  {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(cv_m);
+    cv.wait_for(lk, 10s);
+  }
+  EXPECT_GT(this->waitable->get_count(), 0u);
+
+  first_check_passed = true;
+  cv.notify_one();
+
+  // wait until the executor has finished (second execute of waitable)
+  {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(cv_m);
+    cv.wait_for(lk, 10s);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(this->waitable->get_count(), 2u);
+
+  this->executor->cancel();
+  t.join();
+
+  this->check_for_busy_waits(start_time);
+  // this should get the initial trigger, and the follow up from in the callback
+  ASSERT_EQ(this->waitable->get_count(), 2u);
+}

rclcpp/test/rclcpp/executors/test_waitable.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Open Source Robotics Foundation, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <thread>
+
+#include "rclcpp/detail/add_guard_condition_to_rcl_wait_set.hpp"
+#include "rclcpp/waitable.hpp"
+
+#include "rcl/wait.h"
+
+#include "test_waitable.hpp"
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
+void
+TestWaitable::add_to_wait_set(rcl_wait_set_t & wait_set)
+{
+  if (trigger_count_ > 0) {
+    // Keep the gc triggered until the trigger count is reduced back to zero.
+    // This is necessary if trigger() results in the wait set waking, but not
+    // executing this waitable, in which case it needs to be re-triggered.
+    gc_.trigger();
+  }
+  rclcpp::detail::add_guard_condition_to_rcl_wait_set(wait_set, gc_);
+}
+
+void TestWaitable::trigger()
+{
+  trigger_count_++;
+  gc_.trigger();
+}
+
+bool
+TestWaitable::is_ready(const rcl_wait_set_t & wait_set)
+{
+  is_ready_count_++;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < wait_set.size_of_guard_conditions; ++i) {
+    auto rcl_guard_condition = wait_set.guard_conditions[i];
+    if (&gc_.get_rcl_guard_condition() == rcl_guard_condition) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<void>
+TestWaitable::take_data()
+{
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<void>
+TestWaitable::take_data_by_entity_id(size_t id)
+{
+  (void) id;
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+void
+TestWaitable::execute(const std::shared_ptr<void> &)
+{
+  trigger_count_--;
+  count_++;
+  if (nullptr != on_execute_callback_) {
+    on_execute_callback_();
+  } else {
+    // TODO(wjwwood): I don't know why this was here, but probably it should
+    //   not be there, or test cases where that is important should use the
+    //   on_execute_callback?
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(3ms);
+  }
+}
+
+void
+TestWaitable::set_on_execute_callback(std::function<void()> on_execute_callback)
+{
+  on_execute_callback_ = on_execute_callback;
+}
+
+void
+TestWaitable::set_on_ready_callback(std::function<void(size_t, int)> callback)
+{
+  auto gc_callback = [callback](size_t count) {
+      callback(count, 0);
+    };
+  gc_.set_on_trigger_callback(gc_callback);
+}
+
+void
+TestWaitable::clear_on_ready_callback()
+{
+  gc_.set_on_trigger_callback(nullptr);
+}
+
+size_t
+TestWaitable::get_number_of_ready_guard_conditions()
+{
+  return 1;
+}
+
+size_t
+TestWaitable::get_count() const
+{
+  return count_;
+}
+
+size_t
+TestWaitable::get_is_ready_call_count() const
+{
+  return is_ready_count_;
+}

rclcpp/test/rclcpp/executors/test_waitable.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Open Source Robotics Foundation, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RCLCPP__EXECUTORS__TEST_WAITABLE_HPP_
+#define RCLCPP__EXECUTORS__TEST_WAITABLE_HPP_
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "rclcpp/waitable.hpp"
+#include "rclcpp/guard_condition.hpp"
+
+#include "rcl/wait.h"
+
+class TestWaitable : public rclcpp::Waitable
+{
+public:
+  TestWaitable() = default;
+
+  void
+  add_to_wait_set(rcl_wait_set_t & wait_set) override;
+
+  void trigger();
+
+  bool
+  is_ready(const rcl_wait_set_t & wait_set) override;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<void>
+  take_data() override;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<void>
+  take_data_by_entity_id(size_t id) override;
+
+  void
+  execute(const std::shared_ptr<void> &) override;
+
+  void
+  set_on_execute_callback(std::function<void()> on_execute_callback);
+
+  void
+  set_on_ready_callback(std::function<void(size_t, int)> callback) override;
+
+  void
+  clear_on_ready_callback() override;
+
+  size_t
+  get_number_of_ready_guard_conditions() override;
+
+  size_t
+  get_count() const;
+
+  size_t
+  get_is_ready_call_count() const;
+
+private:
+  std::atomic<size_t> trigger_count_ = 0;
+  std::atomic<size_t> is_ready_count_ = 0;
+  std::atomic<size_t> count_ = 0;
+  rclcpp::GuardCondition gc_;
+  std::function<void()> on_execute_callback_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+#endif  // RCLCPP__EXECUTORS__TEST_WAITABLE_HPP_

rclcpp/test/rclcpp/test_service.cpp

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ TEST_F(TestServiceSub, construction_and_destruction) {
   {
     ASSERT_THROW(
     {
-      auto service = node->create_service<rcl_interfaces::srv::ListParameters>(
+      auto service = subnode->create_service<rcl_interfaces::srv::ListParameters>(
         "invalid_service?", callback);
     }, rclcpp::exceptions::InvalidServiceNameError);
   }

rclcpp/test/rclcpp/test_subscription_content_filter.cpp

@@ -310,3 +310,25 @@ TEST_F(CLASSNAME(TestContentFilterSubscription, RMW_IMPLEMENTATION), content_fil
     }
   }
 }
+
+TEST_F(
+  CLASSNAME(
+    TestContentFilterSubscription,
+    RMW_IMPLEMENTATION), create_two_content_filters_with_same_topic_name_and_destroy) {
+
+  // Create another content filter
+  auto options = rclcpp::SubscriptionOptions();
+
+  std::string filter_expression = "int32_value > %0";
+  std::vector<std::string> expression_parameters = {"4"};
+
+  options.content_filter_options.filter_expression = filter_expression;
+  options.content_filter_options.expression_parameters = expression_parameters;
+
+  auto callback = [](std::shared_ptr<const test_msgs::msg::BasicTypes>) {};
+  auto sub_2 = node->create_subscription<test_msgs::msg::BasicTypes>(
+    "content_filter_topic", qos, callback, options);
+
+  EXPECT_NE(nullptr, sub_2);
+  sub_2.reset();
+}

rclcpp_action/CHANGELOG.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,18 @@ Changelog for package rclcpp_action
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 
+28.1.4 (2024-09-06)
+-------------------
+
+28.1.3 (2024-06-27)
+-------------------
+
+28.1.2 (2024-05-13)
+-------------------
+
+28.1.1 (2024-04-24)
+-------------------
+
 28.1.0 (2024-04-16)
 -------------------
 * Remove references to index.ros.org. (`#2504 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2504>`_)

rclcpp_action/package.xml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://download.ros.org/schema/package_format2.xsd" schematypens="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"?>
 <package format="2">
   <name>rclcpp_action</name>
-  <version>28.1.0</version>
+  <version>28.1.4</version>
   <description>Adds action APIs for C++.</description>
 
   <maintainer email="ivanpauno@ekumenlabs.com">Ivan Paunovic</maintainer>

rclcpp_components/CHANGELOG.rst

@@ -2,6 +2,18 @@
 Changelog for package rclcpp_components
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
+28.1.4 (2024-09-06)
+-------------------
+
+28.1.3 (2024-06-27)
+-------------------
+
+28.1.2 (2024-05-13)
+-------------------
+
+28.1.1 (2024-04-24)
+-------------------
+
 28.1.0 (2024-04-16)
 -------------------
 * Remove references to index.ros.org. (`#2504 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2504>`_)

rclcpp_components/package.xml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://download.ros.org/schema/package_format2.xsd" schematypens="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"?>
 <package format="2">
   <name>rclcpp_components</name>
-  <version>28.1.0</version>
+  <version>28.1.4</version>
   <description>Package containing tools for dynamically loadable components</description>
 
   <maintainer email="ivanpauno@ekumenlabs.com">Ivan Paunovic</maintainer>

rclcpp_lifecycle/CHANGELOG.rst

@@ -3,6 +3,29 @@ Changelog for package rclcpp_lifecycle
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 
+28.1.4 (2024-09-06)
+-------------------
+
+28.1.3 (2024-06-27)
+-------------------
+* Revert "call shutdown in LifecycleNode dtor to avoid leaving the device in unknown state (2nd) (backport `#2528 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2528>`_) (`#2542 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2542>`_)" (`#2558 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2558>`_)
+* call shutdown in LifecycleNode dtor to avoid leaving the device in unknown state (2nd) (backport `#2528 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2528>`_) (`#2542 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2542>`_)
+  Co-authored-by: Tomoya Fujita <Tomoya.Fujita@sony.com>
+* rclcpp::shutdown should not be called before LifecycleNode dtor. (`#2527 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2527>`_) (`#2540 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2540>`_)
+  Co-authored-by: Tomoya Fujita <Tomoya.Fujita@sony.com>
+* Contributors: Tomoya Fujita, mergify[bot]
+
+28.1.2 (2024-05-13)
+-------------------
+* Revert "call shutdown in LifecycleNode dtor to avoid leaving the device in un… (`#2450 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2450>`_)" (`#2522 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2522>`_) (`#2524 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2524>`_)
+  This reverts commit 04ea0bb00293387791522590b7347a2282cda290.
+  (cherry picked from commit 42b0b5775b4e68718c5949308c9e1a059930ded7)
+  Co-authored-by: Chris Lalancette <clalancette@gmail.com>
+* Contributors: mergify[bot]
+
+28.1.1 (2024-04-24)
+-------------------
+
 28.1.0 (2024-04-16)
 -------------------
 * Remove references to index.ros.org. (`#2504 <https://github.com/ros2/rclcpp/issues/2504>`_)

rclcpp_lifecycle/package.xml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://download.ros.org/schema/package_format2.xsd" schematypens="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"?>
 <package format="2">
   <name>rclcpp_lifecycle</name>
-  <version>28.1.0</version>
+  <version>28.1.4</version>
   <description>Package containing a prototype for lifecycle implementation</description>
 
   <maintainer email="ivanpauno@ekumenlabs.com">Ivan Paunovic</maintainer>

rclcpp_lifecycle/src/lifecycle_node.cpp

@@ -152,22 +152,6 @@ LifecycleNode::LifecycleNode(
 
 LifecycleNode::~LifecycleNode()
 {
-  // shutdown if necessary to avoid leaving the device in unknown state
-  if (LifecycleNode::get_current_state().id() !=
-    lifecycle_msgs::msg::State::PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED)
-  {
-    auto ret = rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::ERROR;
-    auto finalized = LifecycleNode::shutdown(ret);
-    if (finalized.id() != lifecycle_msgs::msg::State::PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED ||
-      ret != rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::SUCCESS)
-    {
-      RCLCPP_WARN(
-        rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp_lifecycle"),
-        "Shutdown error in destruction of LifecycleNode: final state(%s)",
-        finalized.label().c_str());
-    }
-  }
-
   // release sub-interfaces in an order that allows them to consult with node_base during tear-down
   node_waitables_.reset();
   node_time_source_.reset();

rclcpp_lifecycle/test/test_lifecycle_node.cpp

@@ -447,146 +447,6 @@ TEST_F(TestDefaultStateMachine, bad_mood) {
   EXPECT_EQ(1u, test_node->number_of_callbacks);
 }
 
-
-TEST_F(TestDefaultStateMachine, shutdown_from_each_primary_state) {
-  auto success = rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::SUCCESS;
-  auto reset_key = rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::ERROR;
-
-  // PRIMARY_STATE_UNCONFIGURED to shutdown
-  {
-    auto ret = reset_key;
-    auto test_node = std::make_shared<EmptyLifecycleNode>("testnode");
-    auto finalized = test_node->shutdown(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(finalized.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED);
-  }
-
-  // PRIMARY_STATE_INACTIVE to shutdown
-  {
-    auto ret = reset_key;
-    auto test_node = std::make_shared<EmptyLifecycleNode>("testnode");
-    auto configured = test_node->configure(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(configured.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_INACTIVE);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto finalized = test_node->shutdown(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(finalized.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED);
-  }
-
-  // PRIMARY_STATE_ACTIVE to shutdown
-  {
-    auto ret = reset_key;
-    auto test_node = std::make_shared<EmptyLifecycleNode>("testnode");
-    auto configured = test_node->configure(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(configured.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_INACTIVE);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto activated = test_node->activate(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(activated.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_ACTIVE);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto finalized = test_node->shutdown(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(finalized.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED);
-  }
-
-  // PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED to shutdown
-  {
-    auto ret = reset_key;
-    auto test_node = std::make_shared<EmptyLifecycleNode>("testnode");
-    auto configured = test_node->configure(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(configured.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_INACTIVE);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto activated = test_node->activate(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(activated.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_ACTIVE);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto finalized = test_node->shutdown(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(finalized.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto finalized_again = test_node->shutdown(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(reset_key, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(finalized_again.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED);
-  }
-}
-
-TEST_F(TestDefaultStateMachine, test_shutdown_on_dtor) {
-  auto success = rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::SUCCESS;
-  auto reset_key = rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::ERROR;
-
-  bool shutdown_cb_called = false;
-  auto on_shutdown_callback =
-    [&shutdown_cb_called](const rclcpp_lifecycle::State &) ->
-    rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn {
-      shutdown_cb_called = true;
-      return rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::SUCCESS;
-    };
-
-  // PRIMARY_STATE_UNCONFIGURED to shutdown via dtor
-  shutdown_cb_called = false;
-  {
-    auto test_node = std::make_shared<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecycleNode>("testnode");
-    test_node->register_on_shutdown(std::bind(on_shutdown_callback, std::placeholders::_1));
-    EXPECT_EQ(State::PRIMARY_STATE_UNCONFIGURED, test_node->get_current_state().id());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(shutdown_cb_called);
-  }
-  EXPECT_TRUE(shutdown_cb_called);
-
-  // PRIMARY_STATE_INACTIVE to shutdown via dtor
-  shutdown_cb_called = false;
-  {
-    auto ret = reset_key;
-    auto test_node = std::make_shared<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecycleNode>("testnode");
-    test_node->register_on_shutdown(std::bind(on_shutdown_callback, std::placeholders::_1));
-    auto configured = test_node->configure(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(configured.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_INACTIVE);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(shutdown_cb_called);
-  }
-  EXPECT_TRUE(shutdown_cb_called);
-
-  // PRIMARY_STATE_ACTIVE to shutdown via dtor
-  shutdown_cb_called = false;
-  {
-    auto ret = reset_key;
-    auto test_node = std::make_shared<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecycleNode>("testnode");
-    test_node->register_on_shutdown(std::bind(on_shutdown_callback, std::placeholders::_1));
-    auto configured = test_node->configure(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(configured.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_INACTIVE);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto activated = test_node->activate(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(activated.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_ACTIVE);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(shutdown_cb_called);
-  }
-  EXPECT_TRUE(shutdown_cb_called);
-
-  // PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED to shutdown via dtor
-  shutdown_cb_called = false;
-  {
-    auto ret = reset_key;
-    auto test_node = std::make_shared<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecycleNode>("testnode");
-    test_node->register_on_shutdown(std::bind(on_shutdown_callback, std::placeholders::_1));
-    auto configured = test_node->configure(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(configured.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_INACTIVE);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto activated = test_node->activate(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(activated.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_ACTIVE);
-    ret = reset_key;
-    auto finalized = test_node->shutdown(ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(success, ret);
-    EXPECT_EQ(finalized.id(), State::PRIMARY_STATE_FINALIZED);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(shutdown_cb_called);  // should be called already
-  }
-  EXPECT_TRUE(shutdown_cb_called);
-}
-
 TEST_F(TestDefaultStateMachine, lifecycle_subscriber) {
   auto test_node = std::make_shared<MoodyLifecycleNode<GoodMood>>("testnode");
 

rclcpp_lifecycle/test/test_lifecycle_publisher.cpp

@@ -55,12 +55,6 @@ public:
   explicit EmptyLifecycleNode(const std::string & node_name, const TimerType & timer_type)
   : rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecycleNode(node_name)
   {
-    rclcpp::PublisherOptionsWithAllocator<std::allocator<void>> options;
-    publisher_ =
-      std::make_shared<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecyclePublisher<test_msgs::msg::Empty>>(
-      get_node_base_interface().get(), std::string("topic"), rclcpp::QoS(10), options);
-    add_managed_entity(publisher_);
-
     // For coverage this is being added here
     switch (timer_type) {
       case TimerType::WALL_TIMER:
@@ -77,14 +71,6 @@ public:
         }
     }
   }
-
-  std::shared_ptr<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecyclePublisher<test_msgs::msg::Empty>> publisher()
-  {
-    return publisher_;
-  }
-
-private:
-  std::shared_ptr<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecyclePublisher<test_msgs::msg::Empty>> publisher_;
 };
 
 class TestLifecyclePublisher : public ::testing::TestWithParam<TimerType>
@@ -93,95 +79,103 @@ public:
   void SetUp()
   {
     rclcpp::init(0, nullptr);
-    node_ = std::make_shared<EmptyLifecycleNode>("node", GetParam());
   }
 
   void TearDown()
   {
     rclcpp::shutdown();
   }
-
-protected:
-  std::shared_ptr<EmptyLifecycleNode> node_;
 };
 
 TEST_P(TestLifecyclePublisher, publish_managed_by_node) {
+  auto node = std::make_shared<EmptyLifecycleNode>("node", GetParam());
+
+  rclcpp::PublisherOptionsWithAllocator<std::allocator<void>> options;
+  std::shared_ptr<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecyclePublisher<test_msgs::msg::Empty>> publisher =
+    node->create_publisher<test_msgs::msg::Empty>(std::string("topic"), rclcpp::QoS(10), options);
+
   // transition via LifecycleNode
   auto success = rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::SUCCESS;
   auto reset_key = rclcpp_lifecycle::node_interfaces::LifecycleNodeInterface::CallbackReturn::ERROR;
   auto ret = reset_key;
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(State::PRIMARY_STATE_UNCONFIGURED, node_->get_current_state().id());
-  node_->trigger_transition(
+  EXPECT_EQ(State::PRIMARY_STATE_UNCONFIGURED, node->get_current_state().id());
+  node->trigger_transition(
     rclcpp_lifecycle::Transition(Transition::TRANSITION_CONFIGURE), ret);
   ASSERT_EQ(success, ret);
   ret = reset_key;
-  node_->trigger_transition(
+  node->trigger_transition(
     rclcpp_lifecycle::Transition(Transition::TRANSITION_ACTIVATE), ret);
   ASSERT_EQ(success, ret);
   ret = reset_key;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(node_->publisher()->is_activated());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(publisher->is_activated());
   {
     auto msg_ptr = std::make_unique<test_msgs::msg::Empty>();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(*msg_ptr));
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(*msg_ptr));
   }
   {
     auto msg_ptr = std::make_unique<test_msgs::msg::Empty>();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(std::move(msg_ptr)));
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(std::move(msg_ptr)));
   }
   {
-    auto loaned_msg = node_->publisher()->borrow_loaned_message();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(std::move(loaned_msg)));
+    auto loaned_msg = publisher->borrow_loaned_message();
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(std::move(loaned_msg)));
   }
-  node_->trigger_transition(
+  node->trigger_transition(
     rclcpp_lifecycle::Transition(Transition::TRANSITION_DEACTIVATE), ret);
   ASSERT_EQ(success, ret);
   ret = reset_key;
   (void)ret;  // Just to make clang happy
-  EXPECT_FALSE(node_->publisher()->is_activated());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(publisher->is_activated());
   {
     auto msg_ptr = std::make_unique<test_msgs::msg::Empty>();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(*msg_ptr));
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(*msg_ptr));
   }
   {
     auto msg_ptr = std::make_unique<test_msgs::msg::Empty>();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(std::move(msg_ptr)));
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(std::move(msg_ptr)));
   }
   {
-    auto loaned_msg = node_->publisher()->borrow_loaned_message();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(std::move(loaned_msg)));
+    auto loaned_msg = publisher->borrow_loaned_message();
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(std::move(loaned_msg)));
   }
 }
 
 TEST_P(TestLifecyclePublisher, publish) {
+  auto node = std::make_shared<EmptyLifecycleNode>("node", GetParam());
+
+  rclcpp::PublisherOptionsWithAllocator<std::allocator<void>> options;
+  std::shared_ptr<rclcpp_lifecycle::LifecyclePublisher<test_msgs::msg::Empty>> publisher =
+    node->create_publisher<test_msgs::msg::Empty>(std::string("topic"), rclcpp::QoS(10), options);
+
   // transition via LifecyclePublisher
-  node_->publisher()->on_deactivate();
-  EXPECT_FALSE(node_->publisher()->is_activated());
+  publisher->on_deactivate();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(publisher->is_activated());
   {
     auto msg_ptr = std::make_unique<test_msgs::msg::Empty>();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(*msg_ptr));
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(*msg_ptr));
   }
   {
     auto msg_ptr = std::make_unique<test_msgs::msg::Empty>();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(std::move(msg_ptr)));
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(std::move(msg_ptr)));
   }
   {
-    auto loaned_msg = node_->publisher()->borrow_loaned_message();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(std::move(loaned_msg)));
+    auto loaned_msg = publisher->borrow_loaned_message();
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(std::move(loaned_msg)));
   }
-  node_->publisher()->on_activate();
-  EXPECT_TRUE(node_->publisher()->is_activated());
+  publisher->on_activate();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(publisher->is_activated());
   {
     auto msg_ptr = std::make_unique<test_msgs::msg::Empty>();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(*msg_ptr));
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(*msg_ptr));
   }
   {
     auto msg_ptr = std::make_unique<test_msgs::msg::Empty>();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(std::move(msg_ptr)));
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(std::move(msg_ptr)));
   }
   {
-    auto loaned_msg = node_->publisher()->borrow_loaned_message();
-    EXPECT_NO_THROW(node_->publisher()->publish(std::move(loaned_msg)));
+    auto loaned_msg = publisher->borrow_loaned_message();
+    EXPECT_NO_THROW(publisher->publish(std::move(loaned_msg)));
   }
 }